2,483 research outputs found
CPT symmetry and antimatter gravity in general relativity
The gravitational behavior of antimatter is still unknown. While we may be
confident that antimatter is self-attractive, the interaction between matter
and antimatter might be either attractive or repulsive. We investigate this
issue on theoretical grounds. Starting from the CPT invariance of physical
laws, we transform matter into antimatter in the equations of both
electrodynamics and gravitation. In the former case, the result is the
well-known change of sign of the electric charge. In the latter, we find that
the gravitational interaction between matter and antimatter is a mutual
repulsion, i.e. antigravity appears as a prediction of general relativity when
CPT is applied. This result supports cosmological models attempting to explain
the Universe accelerated expansion in terms of a matter-antimatter repulsive
interaction.Comment: 6 pages, to be published in EPL (http://epljournal.edpsciences.org/
Construction of Non-Perturbative, Unitary Particle-Antiparticle Amplitudes for Finite Particle Number Scattering Formalisms
Starting from a unitary, Lorentz invariant two-particle scattering amplitude
, we show how to use an identification and replacement process to construct a
unique, unitary particle-antiparticle amplitude. This process differs from
conventional on-shell Mandelstam s,t,u crossing in that the input and
constructed amplitudes can be off-diagonal and off-energy shell. Further,
amplitudes are constructed using the invariant parameters which are appropriate
to use as driving terms in the multi-particle, multichannel non-perturbative,
cluster decomposable, relativistic scattering equations of the Faddeev-type
integral equations recently presented by Alfred, Kwizera, Lindesay and Noyes.
It is therefore anticipated that when so employed, the resulting multi-channel
solutions will also be unitary. The process preserves the usual
particle-antiparticle symmetries. To illustrate this process, we construct a
J=0 scattering length model chosen for simplicity. We also exhibit a class of
physical models which contain a finite quantum mass parameter and are Lorentz
invariant. These are constructed to reduce in the appropriate limits, and with
the proper choice of value and sign of the interaction parameter, to the
asymptotic solution of the non-relativistic Coulomb problem, including the
forward scattering singularity, the essential singularity in the phase, and the
Bohr bound-state spectrum
PCR based approaches to the identification and classification of Leishmania
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was tested for the identification and
classification of Leishmania. RAPD was found to be useful for the identification of species
of L. (Leishmania) and L. (Yiannia) and for the classification of L. (Yiannia) species.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was tested for the identification of Leishmania from
mammals and lizards, using both published primers and new primers which amplify
kinetoplast minicircle DNA. The size of the PCR product was found to be useful for
discriminating between some sympatric pairs of species such as L. braziliensis and L.
mexicana. Isotopically labelled probes prepared from the variable region of the kinetoplast
minicircle were tested for specificity for the identification of New and Old World species
of Leishmania. The specificity was dependent on the concentration of target DNA and was
manipulated to investigate relationships between Leishmania species. Restriction digests of
kinetoplast DNA (schizodemes) prepared by PCR and by centrifugation through 20% sucrose
were compared for the identification of strains of L. infantum and L. chagasi.
Twenty three strains of L. chagasi from cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in
Honduras were examined by RAPD, schizodemes, differential display, isoenzyrnes, RFLPs
and PFGE to discover whether genetic differences existed between parasites causing the two
different pathologies. The parasites were found to be unusually homogeneous and no
differences were found which correlated with pathology by any of these methods.
Restriction digests of PCR amplified small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA)
(ribodemes) were tested to find markers specific for the genus Leishmania. A classification
of the Leishmania based on the restriction fragments indicated that L. hertigi and L. herreri
were more closely related to Endotrypanum than to Leishmania, and that the lizard
Leishmania could not be placed in separate genus from the Leishmania.
Ribodemes were used to identify two strains of parasites supplied by colleagues in Central
America that could not be identified by existing methods for the identification of
Leishmania. One of these strains appeared to be identical to a C. luciliae reference strain.
The other strain produced a fingerprint unlike any of the available reference strains. A
variable region of the SSU rRNA gene was identified that was suitable for classifying
trypanosomatids and the sequence of this region was used to classify the strain that could not
be identified by fingerprinting
Scale in education research: towards a multi-scale methodology
This article explores some theoretical and methodological problems concerned with scale in education research through a critique of a recent mixed-method project. The project was framed by scale metaphors drawn from the physical and earth sciences and I consider how recent thinking around scale, for example in ecosystems and human geography might offer helpful points and angles of view on the challenges of thinking spatially in education research. Working between the spatial metaphors of ecology scholars and the critiques of the human geographers, for example the hypercomplex social space in Lefebvre’s political-economic thinking and the fluid, simultaneous, multiple spatialities of Massey’s post-structuralism, I problematize space and scale in education research. Interweaving these geographical ideas with Giddens’ structuration and Bourdieu’s theory of practice, both of which employed what might be termed scale-bridging to challenge social science’s entrenched paradigms, leads me to reconsider what is possible and desirable in the study of education systems. Following the spatial turn in the social sciences generally, there is an outstanding need to theorise multi-scale methodology for education research
Exploring social patterns of participation in university-entrance level mathematics in England
In recent years in England there has been considerable attention given to a range of apparent crises in mathematics education, one of which has been the long term decline of participation in university-entrance level (Advanced or A) mathematics. Given the negative impact upon mathematics participation of Curriculum 2000, together with the government’s emphasis on Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects, the political intent to increase participation in Advanced level mathematics is clear. This paper uses the National Pupil Database (NPD) to develop a descriptive statistical account of how completion of Advanced level mathematics varies along the social axes of SES, ethnicity and gender. The process of working with the NPD is discussed in some depth in order to clarify the processes involved in this type of quantitative analysis and to illustrate how this analysis can be used to raise questions about who is doing what mathematics in the post-16 age-range
Three-neutron resonance trajectories for realistic interaction models
Three-neutron resonances are investigated using realistic nucleon-nucleon
interaction models. The resonance pole trajectories are explored by first
adding an additional interaction to artificially bind the three-neutron system
and then gradually removing it. The pole positions for the three-neutron states
up to J=5/2 are localized in the third energy quadrant-Im (E)<=0, Re
(E)<=0-well before the additional interaction is removed. Our study shows that
realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction models exclude any possible experimental
signature of three-neutron resonances.Comment: 13 pages ; 8 figs ; 5 table
S-wave eta'-proton FSI; phenomenological analysis of near-threshold production of pi0, eta, and eta' mesons in proton-proton collisions
We describe a novel technique for comparing total cross sections for the
reactions pp --> pp pi(0), pp --> pp eta, and pp --> pp eta' close to
threshold. The initial and final state proton-proton interactions are factored
out of the total cross section, and the dependence of this reduced cross
section on the volume of phase space is discussed. Different models of the
proton-proton interaction are compared. We argue that the scattering length of
the S-wave eta'-proton interaction is of the order of 0.1 fm.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure
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